タイトルまたは説明
What is Florfenicol?
Florfenicol is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol. It
was successfully developed in late ***0s. It is a broad-spectrum
antibacterial classified in chloramphenicol. Florfenicol was
marketed first in Japan in ***0. In ***3, Florfenicol was approved
by Norway for using in the treatment of dothienesis in trout. In
***5, it was approved by France, England, Austria, Mexico, and
Spain for using in the treatment of bovine respiratory diseases. In
Japan and Mexico, Florfenicol is approved as feed additive for
pigs, preventing and treating swine
bacteriosis
. It has also been approved in
China.
Pharmacology of Florfenicol
Due to its liposolubility, Florfenicol can diffuse into the cells
of bacteria. It works on the *0s subunit of the *0s ribosome and
restrain the extension of transpeptidase and thus the formation of
peptide chain. The synthesis of protein is therefore prevented.
The antibacterial spectrum of Florfenicol is very broad. It is
particularly effective against Grams positive and negative bacteria
and mycoplasma. The bacteria that are sensitive to Florfenicol
include hemophilus, Shigella dysenteriae, salmonella, colibacillus,
pneumococcus, Bacillus influenzae, streptococcus, Staphylococcus
aureus, chlamydia, Leptospira, and Rickett's organism, etc. in
swine and cattle. Oral Florfenicol is fast to absorb. It
distributes broadly in the body, with long half-life period, high
blood concentration, and lasts long in blood.
Application of Florfenicol
Florfenicol is an antibacterial for animals. It is used for
treatment of diseases in swine, chicken and fish caused by
sensitive bacteria. It is especially effective in treatment of
respiratory system infections and intestinal infection.
At first, Florfenicol was used in aquaculture. It is very effective
in treating False nuclear Pasteurellosis and streptococcicosis of
amberjack and the dothienesis natuarally attacking the Atlantic
salmon. Moreover, Florfenicol shows better curative effect than
other antibacterial against pasteurella infection of amberjack,
Retardation of Edwardsiella tarda infection of eel, Vibrio
infection of goldfish eel, and Vibrio salmonicida infection of
salmon.
Besides, Florfenicol is also effective in treating bovine
respiratory disease. According to Hass (***6), the cure rate of
Florfenicol was *0%, while that of Amoxicillin was *0%. According
to Madelent (***7), the cure rate of Florfenicol was *1%, in
contrast to that the cure rate of Spiramycin was *1%.
According to Craene (***7), Florfenicol intravenous injected to
cattle could enter the cerebrospinal fluid quite well. As a result,
it is the first-choice cure for cattle
meningitis
.
Florfenicol is also used for the treatment of swine asthma,
infectious pleuropneumonia, atrophic rhinitis, and swine plague. It
is extremely effective for treating dyspnea, high body temperature,
coughing, choking, appetite and weight loss of swine. It is
also effective for treating piglet yellow-white dysentery,
enteritis, bloody flux, edema disease and so on.
According to Ueda (***5), the cure rate of Florfenicol in treating
swine Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia was as high as **0%. In
contrast, the cure rate of Thiamphenicol was lower than *0%.
 
Florfenicol is a good treatment for poultry as well. It cures
cholera, bacillary white diarrhea, diarrhoea, intractable diarrhea,
yellow white green stool, liquid manure, alo laxata, intestinal
mucosal punctate or diffuse hemorrhage, omphalitis, wrapped heart,
and wrapped liver caused by Bacillus coli, salmonella, pasteurella
multocida, etc., as well as the chronic respiratory disease,
infectious coryza airbag opacity, coughing, the trachea slightly
tone, and dyspnea caused by bacteria, mycoplasma and so on. In
particular, Florfenicol is effective for treating duck infectious
serositis, bacillus coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and so on.
In the US, Florfenicol is currently indicated for the treatment of
bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with Mannheimia
(Pasteurella) haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus
somnus, for treatment of bovine interdigital phlegmon, with the
sympton of foot rot, acute interdigital necrobacillosis, infectious
pododermatitis, associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum and
Bacteroides melaninogenicus.
In the US, Florfenicol is also used in aquaculture, and is licensed
for use in the US for the control of enteric septicemia in
catfish.
Advantages of Florfenicol
Florfenicol is the structural homologues of Chloramphenicol. Its
function mechanism and antibacterial spectrum is similar to
Chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol. However, taking Florfenicol will
not result in drug-resistance as Chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol
will do (Varma,et al,***6;Lobell,et al,***4;Soback,et al,***5).
Moreover, because Chloramphenicol treatment comes with the side
effect of Aplastic anemia, Chloramphenicol is forbidden in many
countries for the treatment of animal diseases. However,
Florfenicol does not have that side effect. As a result,
Florfenicol will replace Chloramphenicol to be widely used in the
prevention and cure of animal diseases.
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